JOURNAL ARCHIVE

Abstract:
This study explores the extent to which tax governance in Algeria contributes to strengthening tax morale, it aims to assess how various dimensions of tax governance influence taxpayers’ willingness to comply, through a quantitative research design, data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed among a sample of taxpayers. The results reveal that technical governance dimensions, particularly efficiency, readability, and stability, have the strongest positive impact on taxpayers’ morale. Based on these findings, the study recommends improving administrative effectiveness, fostering greater citizen engagement, and integrating tax values into educational curricula to support sustained tax compliance.

Keywords:

Tax governance, Tax morale, Tax Compliance

Abstract:
The primary focus of this study is to analyze the effect of green loans on credit risk in Nepalese banks. To achieve this objective, this study follows a quantitative approach considering the objective reality and uses the quarterly secondary data, sourced from the website of Nepal Rastra Bank [NRB] over the period starting from 2021Q2 to ending with 2025Q2. The fixed-effect model (FEM) and the random-effect model (REM) are used to estimate results. The best model is selected using the Hausman and Breusch-Pagan LM tests. The result demonstrated that green loans, as measured by hydroelectricity loans, increase credit risk in the Nepalese banking sector. This unexpected result is also robust, shown by the REM. This indicates that a 1 percent increase in green loans is associated with a 0.384 percent increase in credit risk. Conversely, the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) reduces credit risk. The credit-to-deposit ratio (CD ratio) stimulates credit risk in the Nepalese banking sector. Similarly, holding more liquidity assets and a larger size, as measured by deposit volume, increases credit risk in the Nepalese banking sector. The positive impact of green loans on credit risk indicates that the regulator (or NRB) should give financial incentives, such as concessional loans, to banks, by which banks grant green loans at a concessional rate, which increases borrowers’ debt-paying capability and thus reduces credit risk. Similarly, bankers should enhance their own capacity for credit evaluation and develop a monitoring mechanism to help reduce credit risk in the Nepalese banking sector.

Keywords:

bank capital, green finance, liquidity, bank size, panel data

Abstract:
This paper presents a literature analysis of the financial and environmental Implication of cardboard packaging recycling and proposes a framework in the end. Therefore, the paper aims to demonstrate the literature evidence of the application of product take back, recycling and reusing, which serves a dual advantage of environmental protection and economic benefit to the company. The paper’s approach applied the inductive research approach, which engaged in a critical review of the literature to unveil patterns and/or themes around cardboard packaging recycling. Findings from the review lead to five main headings namely eco-efficiency, industrial symbiosis, extended producer responsibility, stakeholder theory and activity-based costing. The paper contributes by using these themes to develop a “confluence theory for package recycling”. This proposed theory holds practical and research significance in furthering advocacy for environmental sustainability through corporate environmental responsibility in managing cardboard wastes. The financial implications resonate with theoretical applications in environmental management accounting scholarship. Overall future research agenda is highlighted for future empirical research application.

Keywords:

Waste costing; eco-efficiency; industrial symbiosis; recycling; product-take-back; packaging; environmental management accounting

Abstract:
This research aims to study the impact of advertising credibility used by electronics companies on their customers' purchasing decisions. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted, and primary data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 130 customers from three companies specializing in the sale of electrical appliances in Karbala Governorate. A total of 120 valid questionnaires were retrieved for statistical analysis. The research results confirmed the validity of the main hypothesis, which assumes a significant correlation between advertising credibility and purchase decisions. The research also found that adherence to ethical standards in advertising has a strong, statistically significant positive impact on guiding purchase decisions. Among the most prominent recommendations emerging from the research is the need to prioritize the quality of advertising content to reflect reality, as this helps customers make a sound and informed purchasing decision

Keywords:

Advertising credibility, Purchase decision, Customer, Electrical appliances companies, Karbala

Abstract:
South Africa's rural environment makes quality Early Childhood Education and Development difficult. Poor teacher qualifications, curriculum implementation and school management make rural ECED susceptible (Aubrey, 2017; Adebunmi, Aina, & Bipath, 2022; Hannaway et al., 2019). Palmer's (2011) theory of lived experience in flexible education is used to examine ECED instructors’ educational expectations in a remote Northwest Province. The qualitative technique comprised individual and focus group semi-structured interviews with four ECED teachers and classroom observation of teaching activities and resources. This research was part of UNISA's Community engaged Scholarship. This research found that departmental assistance focusses on curriculum completion, teacher progress and teaching accountability. This ignores more pressing issues including bad infrastructure, congested classrooms, school location and a lack of assistance for multi-level students. With high expectations and little support, teachers feel mentally exhausted trying to balance classroom realities with expectations. The study recommends prioritising teacher voices and community realities in planning, funding infrastructure improvements and providing relevant, context-sensitive professional development. It also suggests that future research focus on practical support strategies and models specifically designed for the unique challenges of rural ECED environments.

Keywords:

curriculum completion; departmental support; community partnerships; child development resource; quality education demand and rural context

Abstract:
This study aims to explore the role of emerging technologies in facilitating the global adoption of the sustainable finance agenda. It linked the carbon emission levels of several sectors and countries with technology-enabled sustainability practices to identify the individual contributions of technologies in the financing aspects. Despite challenges, an organisation's new performance benchmarks compel it to adapt technologies to several sectors, as technologies are seen as enablers of sustainability. A holistic study of the cautious applications of technologies is needed to assess their potential adverse effects and reap their benefits. Therefore, the study explores literature covering scholars' and practitioners' opinions and application experiences. Quantitative data on adaptation, emissions, and green product applications have been collected, tabulated, and analyzed to compare practices across sectors and countries. Findings indicate that technology applications are efficient enablers of sustainability. Also, there were differences in the utilization of green tech products, such as green bonds and climate tech, between sectors and countries. European countries have led the adaptation, while Asia has yet to adjust to the mismatch between emissions and green practices. A lack of a legal framework, standard reporting and measurement principles, and data security were leading causes of concern. The study will assist in careful future adaptation and policy formulation.

Keywords:

Sustainable Finance, Green Economy, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Climate-tech, Carbon Emissions

Abstract:
The paper seeks to analyse theories for enhancing the efficiency of medicine procurement in Limpopo public hospitals of South Africa. Medicine procurement is a critical function for the delivery of health services in public hospitals. The availability of medicines depends on the efficient procurement practices in public hospitals. There has been a problem of medicine procurement in public hospitals impacting negatively on delivery of health services. The main question of the study: How can the medicine procurement in the public hospitals be improved? The study aimed to enhance the efficiency of medicine procurement in Limpopo public hospitals. The study employs qualitative method using document analysis tool. The secondary data reviewed comprises of journal articles. The researcher used Google Scholar to search for journal articles relevant to procurement theories. The study's results showed that theories could improve an efficiency of the medicine procurement in public hospitals, resulting in cost-effective health service delivery. The study recommended that all procurement practitioners be developed through in-house training on the procurement theories for enhancing the efficiencies of medicine procurement for the improvement of knowledge and skills in public hospitals. The research additionally suggests that procurement theories could enhance the efficiencies of medicine procurement in public hospitals.

Keywords:

Medicine procurement; Public hospitals; procurement theories; efficiencies

Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate how the Economic, Environment, Social and Governance (EESG) framework for sustainability has been ingrained in a higher institution in Malaysia. Using an interpretive, qualitative approach and a case study, five branches of the HEI in question, were studied for their alignment with the UN 17 SDGs using semi structured interviews and document analysis. The raw data were generated using the MAXQDA software and analysed accordingly. The investigation uncovered that the HEI had effectively pursued most of the SDGs. From a social sustainability standpoint, the university had diligently attended to the welfare and well-being of its students and staff, underscored the significance of maintaining an environmental agenda, and had an excellent governance policy. The economic lens had garnered heightened attention from middle- to the upper-level management. As a whole system, this study has translated into a resilient financial foundation for the institution. Consequently, the study's conclusive findings and subsequent hypothesised model, could potentially serve as a guiding reference for other educational institutions despite the inherent limitations associated with its applicability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case study that investigated a private non-profit university in an emerging market.

Keywords:

Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs); Economic, Environmental, Social and Governance sustainability; Malaysia HEI

Abstract:
As the capital of Romania and the country's most important urban and economic center, Bucharest represents a significant hub for the tourism industry. The labor market is dynamic, and in 2024, the number of job opportunities increased from one month to the next. October recorded a 15% increase in new job openings compared to September. Tourism, services, the food industry, and transportation were the most dynamic sectors. The structure of the labor force in tourism in Bucharest is influenced by economic, demographic, and social factors, as well as global trends in the industry. This analysis will examine the main characteristics of the labor force in tourism in Bucharest, focusing on essential aspects: the typology of the workforce, educational level and qualifications, working conditions, and the challenges and opportunities present today

Keywords:

tourism; labor market; labor force

Abstract:
This paper examines the impact of Activity-based Management on the financial performance of selected state-owned entities (SOEs) in South Africa. The study was conducted using a mixed-methods approach, which included qualitative and quantitative enquiries. Primary data was gathered from 126 senior managers of the selected SOEs, and secondary data was collected from annual reports spanning a decade (2012-2021). The results of a regression analysis indicated that the implementation of ABM has a beneficial impact on the financial performance of SOEs. Moreover, the correlation between the two is statistically significant, suggesting that organisations using ABM exhibit higher profitability than those that do not use ABM. This study lays the groundwork for further research that will investigate a wider variety of strategic cost management factors and the implications those variables may have on financial performance of SOEs once they have been adopted. This work contributes to the literature on SOE performance by integrating ABM within the South African context, offering valuable insights for both academic inquiry and practical application.

Keywords:

ABM; SCM; Financial performance; SOE

Abstract:
This study investigates the determinants of the financial performance (FP) of Sharia banks in Indonesia. FP is defined using Return on Assets (RonA). This study utilizes secondary data sourced from the financial statements of Sharia Banks registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) 2019 to 2022. The measurement of each variable is adopted from prior research studies. The collected data is analyzed using multiple regression techniques. The data analysis yielded compelling evidence that Capital Adequacy Ratio (CARo) and Net Income (NIn) exert a significantly positive influence on the profitability performance of Sharia banks in Indonesia. Conversely, Operational Expense Ratio (OERo) is found to have a significant negative impact on profitability. Interestingly, Non-Performing Financing (NPFi) and Debt-to-Asset Ratio (DARo) do not exhibit statistically significant effects on profitability, suggesting that these factors do not play a decisive role in determining the profitability of Sharia banks in Indonesia. Credit extension serves as a cornerstone of the banking sector, driving revenue generation and economic growth. While the study’s findings indicate that NPFi does not exert a direct and consistent impact on profitability, it is imperative for Sharia banks to continuously strive for credit quality improvement.

Keywords:

Performance, Profitability, Sharia Banks, Indonesia

Abstract:
This study investigated the impact of AI-generated email content on email marketing deliverability, specifically its placement in spam folders. A controlled experiment was conducted with 450 participants who received AI-generated emails sent from different domains using plain text content and clear subject lines. The emails were analyzed for placement in inboxes or spam folders based on participant responses. The results revealed no significant impact of AI-generated content on email deliverability, regardless of the sender's domain or the recipient's email provider. All emails consistently reached primary inboxes, suggesting that the applied precautions (plain text, clear subject lines, and avoidance of suspicious elements) mitigated any potential spam triggers. This study shows AI-generated email content can be deliverable and personalized, challenging concerns about spam placement. Marketers can use AI to craft engaging emails that land in inboxes, not spam folders. This finding also aligns with SEO trends, where AI content isn't automatically penalized.

Keywords:

TVET, industry partnership, curriculum alignment, work-integrated learning

Abstract:
The study evaluated public trust in the Ninth Judicial Circuit, Gbarnga City, Bong County, Liberia. It explored community perceptions and the factors influencing procedural and substantive justice trust. Trust reflects the belief in an institution's competence and effectiveness in achieving its goals. Interviews were conducted with 96 randomly selected community members. Data were analyzed descriptively, along with measurement of satisfaction levels of the citizens on the performance of the Ninth Judicial Court in the provision of procedural and substantive justice using a five-point Likert scale. Trust was assessed on an 11-point scale (0 - no trust, 10 - complete trust). The determinants of trust were identified by correlating mean satisfaction ratings with respondents' trust levels. Additional factors like prior court experience and trusting attitudes were also examined. Results showed weak to moderate correlations. Most respondents were male, single, aged 31-40, and fairly educated, with 43 percent having filed a court case. Ratings for responsiveness, integrity, and fairness leaned towards dissatisfaction, while reliability and openness received neutral to satisfied ratings for both procedural and substantive justice. Overall trust was moderate (5.20 out of 10). The study recommended measures to enhance public trust in the 9th Judicial Circuit Court.

Keywords:

governance; public trust; procedural justice; substantive justice

Abstract:
The South African public sector remains the largest employer with millions of employees, and public sector employees are the critical resource for the sector to deliver on the priorities and objectives of the government successfully. Exploring the relationship between organisational culture, employee engagement, and organisational performance in the public sector is highly relevant for employees and employers to instil a culture of engagement that delivers superior performance and service to citizens. Although much research has been conducted in this field, little research is evident on the relationship between organisational culture, employee engagement and organisational performance within the South African Public Sector context. The study will draw on various theories of organisational culture, employee engagement and organisational performance and conceptually map these through proposed relationships among main and sub-constructs and variables.

Keywords:

Organisational Culture, Employee Engagement, Organisational Performance, Public Sector

Abstract:
This research paper investigates the implementation of sustainable development practices in Algerian family businesses. Furthermore, it examines whether the application of these practices varies based on factors such as job title, educational attainment, and professional experience. A quantitative research methodology was employed, utilizing a questionnaire survey administered to 100 middle and upper-level management employees in these companies. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS V.25. The findings revealed that Algerian family businesses engage in practices aligned with all three TBL of SD (economic, social, and environmental). Moreover, no statistically significant differences in the application of these practices were observed across job titles, educational levels, or professional experience.

Keywords:

Sustainable Development; Algerian Family Businesses; Economic Dimension; Social Dimension; Environmental Dimension.

Abstract:
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Keywords:

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Abstract:
This study investigates the intersection between generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) and labour market by developing a comprehensive framework to analyse the current state of scientific interest in this emerging topic. The research employs a quantitative methodology, using a comparatively implemented bibliometric analysis, thus examining two major databases, Web of Science and Scopus with the aim to provide a deeper understanding of academic landscape. The research focuses on the database with the largest number of relevant papers, providing insight into the concentration of academic activity in the field, both in terms of evolution over time, trends, countries, keywords and authors with the highest research impact. The research reveals a significant gap in the literature concerning the impact of GenAI in labour market, with only one small percentage of papers addressing this topic. Key findings include a rise in publications post-2018, particularly from the USA, Russia and China, and a lack of developed research networks. This article concludes the further exploration of the implication of GenAI on the labour market is needed, with potential directions for future research.

Keywords:

Generative AI; labour market; research interest framework; research networks

Abstract:
In a society that is becoming more urbanized, local governments are crucial to the welfare of the populace and the efficient provision of essential services. There is a consensus that strong metropolitan local governments are essential for generating sustained economic growth, improved public services, and the growth of social capital. The level of trust that residents have in their local government organizations is directly related to how satisfied they are with the services they receive. The purpose of the current study is to determine how satisfied Bangladeshi individuals are with city corporations, a type of urban local government entity. The goal of the study is to pinpoint the variables that may account for the variations in citizens' satisfaction with the establishment of social capital in urban local government organizations. The study used a hybrid methodology based on survey results and key informant interviews (KII), in which 200 respondents from each of the two city corporations in the nation shared their thoughts. This study contributes by suggesting some fresh angles for a better understanding of Bangladeshi citizens' levels of social capital formation toward city corporations.

Keywords:

social capital; service delivery; performance; governance; city corporations.

Abstract:
The small, medium and micro enterprise sector is an economic engine for many countries. Realizing the potential of small, medium, and micro enterprises, the government of the Republic of South Africa has put a burden on itself to create 90% of jobs through small, medium, and micro enterprises through the implementation of the 2030 National Development Plan. Despite these initiatives, the failure rate of these enterprises in South Africa is still high and continues to increase. This research aims to investigate the challenges of small, medium and micro enterprises that operate in the formal economy, with the focus narrowed down to small, medium and micro enterprises that provide engineering services to engineering-intensive firms in the public and private sectors in South Africa. The target is a sample of member companies of Consulting Engineers South Africa, as well as random engineering service firms that render similar services. In general, engineering services’ small, medium and micro enterprises mainly depend on owners' limited capital, which limits growth initiatives. Moreover, the absence of adequate resources, business facilities and specialised equipment puts small, medium and micro enterprises at a competitive disadvantage and, therefore, causes stagnation. Government's initiatives are not well publicised and, therefore, small, medium and micro enterprises are not well informed to capitalise on such initiatives.

Keywords:

Engineering; failure; Small, medium and micro enterprises; stagnation; strategy; SWOT analysis.

Abstract:
Intellectual capital and knowledge assets are intangible assets with an important role to create advantage in competition. This study examines the main dimensions of intellectual capital as an independent variable in order to provide more detail information about the influence of dimensions of intellectual capital on performance of financial, either directly or indirectly through knowledge assets. Knowledge assets also become moderation and mediation variable for the effect of intellectual capital and performance of financial. This study population is manufacturing industry companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The samples selection uses saturated or census sampling. Data is collected by documentation techniques from www.idx.go.id. The data analysis tool is regression. The results show that except for the influence of human capital on knowledge assets either directly or through knowledge assets, all hypotheses for the effect of intellectual capital dimension on company performance either directly or through knowledge assets is accepted. The results also show that knowledge assets only strengthen the relationship between capital employed and company's performance of financial, but cannot strengthen the relationship between human capital and structural capital and company's performance of financial. This study also found that intellectual capital has a significant positive effect both directly on financial performance or through knowledge assets. Knowledge assets also strengthens the influence of IC on performance.

Keywords:

human capital, structural capital, capital employed, profitability, knowledge asset

Abstract:
This research begins with the phenomenon of workload problems and unclear tasks that cause employees to feel the workload given by employees to get promotions in accordance with career development plans that have not been implemented properly. So that the resulting job satisfaction is not in accordance with the wishes of employees. The need of this investigation was to find out the relationship between work load (WL) and career development (CD) on job satisfaction (JS) for PT XYZ. This article use quantitative methodologies. A total of 88 samples were used, with 88 participants participating in the saturation sample study. A questionnaire was chosen as a test data capture approach in this inquiry for validity and reliability testing of the research instrument. PLS-SEM is used to analyze data using structural model analysis. According to the findings of this research, workload (X1) does not appear to have a direct impact on job satisfaction (Y). Workload (X1) influences career growth (X2), and career development (X2) influences job satisfaction (Y). The factor of workload (X1) through career development (X2) has a large enough impact on job satisfaction (Y) PT XYZ.

Keywords:

Workload; Career Development; Job Satisfaction; PLS-SEM

Abstract:
The Indonesian government is targeting leather products, especially from West Java to become one of the export commodities that will encourage national economic growth. The existence of a leather industry particularly in the city of Garut has attracted many Indonesian researchers over the years to investigate the condition through many fields of research. However, the latest research identified several barriers related to the leather business development in Garut city, which was related to the optimization ratio of its performance and product quality. This study aimed to design a quality management model and key performance indicators to make this sector competitive in the global market. The research method used was inductive with a qualitative approach and a constructivist grounded theory in developing a quality management model. Theoretical and snowball sampling was chosen in identifying potential participants. The findings of this study contribute to the knowledge and practice of quality management models with key performance indicators that can be used to measure current conditions as a foundation for future improvement in the leather industry to produce competitive products that meet global standard. KPIs were formulated with certain criteria and should be applied by business actors.

Keywords:

Performance; Operation; KPI; Leather Industry

Abstract:
The concepts of bureaucracy and leadership must align with the circumstances in the public or private sectors to be optimal in any given situation. This paper will grant readers with a deep dive into this concept. More specifically, this paper will compare bureaucracy, leadership, and groupthink by using author’s experiences in two private banking organizations and one public bureau. The purpose of this paper is to persuade readers that these frameworks can be auspicious, but only under the appropriate conditions.

Keywords:

Bureaucracy; Leadership; Private and Public Sector; Banking

Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to look at the influence of experiential quality on revisit intention through experiential satisfaction. The population in this study is tourists, of an unknown population number, who have already visited Lake Toba. Based on Malhotra’s theory, with the number of respondents of 324, the sampling method used is accidental sampling. The data analysis in this study is descriptive analysis and statistical analysis of PLS-SEM using Smart-PLS software. The results of this study show that experiential quality has a positive and significant effect on experiential satisfaction variables. Experiential quality has a positive and significant effect on variable revisit intention, and experiential satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on variable revisit intention through experiential satisfaction. The implication of this research is that experience is an important thing to research where good and bad experiences can make tourists revisit to the visited tourist attractions.

Keywords:

Experiential Quality; Experiential Satisfaction; Revisit Intention

Abstract:
This study applies the generalized sub ADF (GSADF) tests to investigate whether bubbles exist in the United States markets over the period of 2015-2019, focusing on the COVID-19 period. We use daily Dow-Jones stock price indexes for the first time during the time period of 2015/1/7-2020/3/17. Empirical results demonstrate the existence of bubbles in the US stock market during some sub-sample time periods. Especially important, we find the third bubble begins from 2020/2/26 and grows gradually, not bursting until recently, a situation that is ongoing in the US market. Our results have important policy implications for investors who attempt to invest in the US stock market.

Keywords:

Dow-Jones Market Index; SAFDF; GSADF Test; Bubble

Abstract:
This study aims to estimate the welfare gains of the Philippine milkfish industry in establishing local fry hatcheries to reduce imports from Indonesia and Taiwan. It also seeks to identify the industry stakeholders who gain from this import substitution endeavour. The economic surplus model was used to estimate the welfare gains from the commercialization of the hatchery-bred milkfish fry in the fishery sector. Specifically, the changes in consumer and/or producer surplus per stakeholder were compared to determine who the biggest gainers are. Results of the study showed that the consumer surplus from the milkfish fry industry was larger than its producer surplus. On the other hand, the reverse was true for the grow-out industry. It is interesting to note that the consumers in the fry industry and the producer in the grow-out industry were the same set of stakeholders, i.e., the milkfish grow-out operators, who gained the most from this development. The study also showed that commercializing the local milkfish hatchery technologies can bring about more benefits to the country than importing fry and fingerlings. Hence, the development of local hatcheries for other aquaculture species can be expected to bring similar welfare gains. More importantly, the technical and financial assistance that were extended by the government’s fishery institutions through the GAINEX project as pioneered by DOST-PCAARRD can serve as an effective catalyst to prospective hatchery operators in reducing the risks, especially when setting-up a new enterprise like the hatchery-bred fry for an emerging aquaculture species in the country.

Keywords:

Commercialization; import substitution; welfare gain; consumer surplus; producer surplus; milkfish; hatchery technology; hatcher

Abstract:
The primary objective of the research is to determine the influences of B2B relationship quality and opportunism on firm performance. This study takes a general perspective of business organisations by examining the hypothesised relationships in the context of B2B’s in the industrial business environment. The research employs a cross-sectional design whereby quantitative data is collected by means of an online survey. Using non-probability, judgmental and snowball sampling technique, a sample size of 98 employees from the industrial business environment within Malaysia was collected. The gathered data was analysed using statistical software Smart -PLS. The research yields several interesting findings on the association between B2B relationship quality and firm performance in the industrial business environment within Malaysia. Findings also unfolded that the quality of a relationship between businesses is able to influence firm performance and opportunism. Opportunism on the other hand was not found to have any influence on Firm Performance. The results of the study implied that the quality of the relationship between businesses that is built upon trust, commitment, satisfaction and information sharing are important in business relationships. A high-quality relationship that is shared among suppliers and customers is able to predict better firm performance and inhibit the negative effect of opportunism.

Keywords:

B2B Relationship quality; Firm Performance; Opportunism; Trust; Commitment; Satisfaction; Information Sharing

Abstract:
The objective of this research is to analyse and describe the valuation of start-up company using the Discounted Cash Flow Analysis. There are several combination of discount rates, including combination of beta, risk free rate and market return. There are several market returns applied in the calculation of the discount rate, such as gold price, crude oil, property price index and IDX composite. The object of research is PT. XYZ, which is a start-up company engaged in the field of software (System & Mobile Application). The results showed that PT. XYZ is a start-up that has a systematic risk (Beta) of 5.1 point, which is lower than the average beta of hi-tech start-up companies. The fair value of PT. XYZ is Rp 3,729,416,128,911. Using a confidence level of 95%, the deviation of company’s value is between Rp102,726,286,407 and Rp7,356,105,971,415. It is concluded that valuing the start-up using real and financial asset return as a benchmark will provide high fair value. The reason is the return in those assets are lower because of lower risk. The lower rate of return will make the value of the start-up company higher. Therefore, investors will request the start-up company to provide higher value.

Keywords:

Discounted Cash Flow; Market Return; Systematic Risk

Abstract:
The employees’ personal development is essential in the current management. The companies that perform have several competent managers and they manage to evolve and retain the talents, rewarding the services. By implementing a careful personal development strategy, they have a real competitive advantage, becoming a priority for companies. This helps their employees to establish a better relationship with themselves and others, a sign of personal and professional evolution. The personal development ensures the employees’ well-being, so that they increase their productivity. Personal development practices must integrate each branch of a company, from production to management, personal development now being part of managers' tools, its purpose being to help managers get to know each other better and to control their interactions with others, pushing employees to respect the expected behavior of the organization. Thus, personal development becomes indispensable to the nowadays’ management, being advantageous for the company, because, not only does it improve communication within the company, but it also has an impact on its performance and productivity.

Keywords:

personal development, management, managers, competitive advantage

Abstract:
In publishing ethics, self-plagiarism or text recycling is subject to a correction or retraction. This paper examines a high-profile case of ethical exceptionalism in the publishing status quo. Jennifer Couzin-Frankel, a science writer for the magazine Science, published by The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), was the first reporter to publicly reveal the identity of Brandon Stell, the President of The PubPeer Foundation, which owns PubPeer, a science whistle-blower website. The AAAS is a Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) member publisher. Couzin-Frankel published two articles, one of which self-plagiarized (i.e., the use of text written by the same person but not properly cited, or acknowledged) about 25% of text in the other article. Couzin-Frankel has also employed nested self-citation, which is the citation of a separate part of a paper such as a table or text box, to give the impression of a separate publication. These aspects call into question how strictly information is vetted and edited at AAAS’s Science. Despite alerting the AAAS, this heavily self-plagiarized paper has not been corrected or retracted. How then do the AAAS and COPE justify the continued publication of both texts?

Keywords:

American Association for the Advancement of Science; ethics; Jennifer Couzin-Frankel; Laura and John Arnold Foundation; opacity

Abstract:
This research aims to: (1) understand the factors which become the drivers and inhibitors of the implementation of integrated management model of coffee and cocoa plantation, and (2) determine the strategy of integrated management model of coffee and cocoa plantation. The research location is determined using purposive method. The location of the research object is located in Jember Regency, Lumajang, and Malang. The research design is using descriptive and analytical survey method, while the sampling is done using Snowball Sampling method. The data analysis of this research is using: (1) Descriptive Analysis; (2) Revenue Analysis; and (3) Force implementation Analysis (FFA). The research result shows that: (a) The driving factors of the implementation of integrated management model of coffee and cocoa plantation are the variety of agricultural crops (plantation products, agricultural products, and livestock), while the inhibiting factors are weak networks among government institutions and stakeholders; and (b) The strategy of the implementation of management model are: (i) the role and participation of the community as managers; (ii) contribution from government and stakeholders; (iii) specific integrated plantation management; (iv) provision of facilities; (v) clarity of the implication of the model on local communities, tourists, and government. The implementation of the principles model can be operationalized, after it is agreed upon by stakeholders and if the models are ‘community-based’.

Keywords:

plantation management; tourism based agribusiness; stakeholders

Abstract:
This article is based on the 2008-2017 data from the UN Merchandise Trade Database and analyzes the trade patterns of agricultural products between China and 16 Central and Eastern European countries in terms of trade competitiveness, complementarity and trade potential by using the index of revealed Comparative Advantage, the index of trade complementarity and the index of trade intensity. The results show that China and 16 countries are highly competitive in multi-chapter products, but there are significant differences in the export advantages of different countries' agricultural products and strong trade complementarity, and the trade links between China and 16 countries are loose In the multi-chapter products have greater trade potential. China and the 16 central and eastern European countries should make full use of the "16 + 1" Cooperation Mechanism to expand bilateral agricultural trade.

Keywords:

"16 + 1" cooperation mechanism; competitiveness; complementarity; trade potential

Abstract:
This is paper research case study to examines application the organization achievement measuring for Management Performance Business Banking company using Model System Quality Management Canadian Award For Excellence (SQMCAFE) comply with role and regulation international quality management standard of banking, with case study at Bank Jabar Banten Tbk. (PT. Bjb). The main objective of this research is identify, investigate and measurement of signification understanding the excellent of level capability and reliability quality management performance effect positively with seven (7) independent variables of SQMCAFE Model toward achievement of performance management business for banking firms.

Keywords:

System Quality Management; Bussines and Performance Of Banking

Abstract:
This study aims to analyse consumer preference on the attributes of rice and describe the comparison of performance of packaged rice and bulk rice in the eyes of urban consumer. The method of this study uses survey on 100 respondents chosen purposively. The primary data that is obtained is analysed quantitatively using the attitude multi-attribute model from Fishbein. Based on the analysis result, it is known that expiration clarity is a positive attribute in both packaged rice and bulk rice, followed by the ease of obtaining in the bulk rice, and the contents in the packaged rice. The attributes with positive value indicates the key factor that determine consumer’s assessment in choosing certain rice brand. From the semantic differential comparison, it is found that branded packaged rice is generally better in attributes compared to bulk rice. According to the results, the efforts to increase rice agro-industrial in local farmer level are recommended, so that they can enjoy the benefits of the multi-attributes attached in the branded packaged rice that they produced.

Keywords:

Rice; Preference; Multi-attribute; Fishbein

Abstract:
A mission statement has a significant meaning as the initial and essential step in a company’s strategic planning process. Previous studies have pointed out the necessity of monitoring and longitudinal study of corporate mission statements as they should be continuously revised against changes in companies’ strategies and business environment. This study aims to shed light on what types of strategies and values are currently highlighted in companies’ mission statements in comparison with the findings of a well-known previous study. Therefore, this study conducted a content analysis of 491 Fortune 500 companies’ mission statements. As a result, we found that “philosophy” is mostly highlighted and “profitability” is not emphasized in contemporary companies’ mission statements. Compared to the past study, these findings imply that there have been dramatic changes in the content of corporate mission statements. Besides, this study divided 491 Fortune 500 companies into two groups, high performers and low performers, according to their Fortune ranking and investigated significant differences between high and low performers using t-tests. The high performers were found to more often highlight “self-concept” and “public image” than low performers. However, the difference in mean scores between high and low performers has become smaller than in the past finding. In particular, there is no statistical difference in mission statement component numbers between high and low performers. These findings can provide further understanding about changes of companies’ strategic emphasis and the nature of corporate mission statements. This study provides a comparative insight for practitioners making company mission statements.

Keywords:

Strategic Management; Mission Statement; Fortune 500 companies; Content Analysis

Abstract:
The study aims to examine the perceived antecedents that influence the selection of shopping malls and determine the predictive nature of visit frequency that might lead shoppers to the intended purchase. Hence, the research question asked “to what extent the six determinants would most likely to affect shoppers frequency of visit to the malls and their purchase intention”. The method employed was positivist paradigm using questionnaires administering to young and adult respondents. A total of 200usable samples were used for the SPSS analyses. Several primary statistical tools were used such as descriptive analyses, reliability test, factor analysis, multivariate and bivariate regressions. The results revealed that all constructs reliability were above Cronbach alpha 0.70 and both the convergent and discriminant validities were met via the exploratory factor analysis. The finding concluded that convenience, tenant variety, functional attributes, hedonic value and promotion are positively related to the frequency of visit. In addition, frequency of visit is also positively related to the purchase intention. The finding of this research provided both theoretical and practical implications.

Keywords:

shopping malls, frequency of visit, purchase intention, Malaysia

Abstract:
The development course of high-speed railway indicates that it not only changes the composition of traffic modes when competing with other modes of transportation, but also plays an important role in spurring the economic growth of the cities along the line and the evolution of regional spatial structure. Taking Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway as an example, this paper constructs the first-level panel data of the cities along the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway and its surrounding cities from 2007 to 2016, and uses the difference-in-differences estimation to study the impact of high-speed rail opening on economic development. The research results show that it has significantly jump-started the economy of cities along the line. The Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway will become a crucial axis for regional economic development along the Beijing-Shanghai railway, as it has remarkably advanced the economic development of the cities along the route.

Keywords:

economic growth; high-speed railway; difference-in-differences

Abstract:
Cyber Security accepts a vigorous role in the area of information technology. Safeguarding the information has become an enormous problem in the current day. The cyber security the main thing that originates in mind is 'cyber crimes' which are aggregate colossally daily. Different governments and organizations are taking numerous measures to keep these cyber wrongdoings. Other than different measures cyber security is as yet a significant worry to many. This paper mostly emphases on cyber security and cyber terrorism. The significant trends of cyber security and the consequence of cyber security discuss in it. The cyber-terrorism could make associations lose billions of dollars in the region of organizations. The paper also explains the components of cyber terrorism and motivation of it. Two case studies related to cyber security also provide in this paper. Some solution about cyber security and cyber terrorism also explain in it.

Keywords:

Cybersecurity; cyberspace; cyber terrorism; Information security

Abstract:
The current study investigates the link between Intra Group Conflict (Task Conflict, Relationship Conflict) and Group Performance of the employees in the Telecom sector of Pakistan. Employees’ performances are improved by harmony, friendly environment and lack of conflict in an organization. To find out the practicality of these assertions, 200 questionnaires were distributed among employees of five main mobile telecom companies namely Telenor, Mobilink, Ufone, Zong and Warid at their head offices. 122 questionnaires were received back that resulted in 61% response rate. The paper addressed the extent of employees’ perception about Task Conflict and Relationship Conflict in their groups and also investigated that how these types of Intra-group conflict were linked to the overall performance of their groups. A theoretical model was developed to test these hypotheses. For the measurement of intra group conflict (Task conflict, relationship conflict) and group performance two valid and reliable instruments were used. Furthermore for analysis of these data Correlation and regression were used. The result of the study showed significant positive relationship between task conflict and group performance. However, negative association was found between relationship conflict and group performance. At the end, conclusion, limitations, and future research bearings are likewise highlighted.

Keywords:

Conflict on task, Conflict on relationship, Group performance, Telecom sector

Abstract:
China's greatest international economic aspiration is the “Belt and Road” Initiative (BRI), to stimulate economic corporation in a wide region including sub regions in Asia, Africa and Europe. This paper does researches for the cooperation between China and Romania at the background of BRI. It shows a short introduction of BRI and analyses import and export trade data included China with Europe, Europe Union and Romania to make a prediction about future development. It makes a comparison to different countries in BRI by Belt and Road Index (BARI). We will analyze Romanian basic economic situation, main factors about BARI and potential risks.

Keywords:

Belt and Road Initiative; Romania; Cooperation; Belt and Road Index

Abstract:
This research was conducted because of the common problem that often happened at rural banks (BPR), that is too focused on business development so less in paying attention to employee's satisfaction, which impact on high turnover rate of employee. High employee turnover rates have a negative effect on an organization, as it can lead to loss of productivity, profitability, corporate knowledge, skills and competencies. The population of this research is BPR while the sample is used by BPR in Bandung City. There are four independent variables in this study: (1) transformational leadership, (2) employee competence, (3) commitment, and (4) employee loyalty. The type of research used is descriptive verification, while the method used in this study is the survey method (explanatory survey) and descriptive method. Descriptive and verification analysis, descriptive analysis is done by using Microsoft Excel software to calculate or determine the frequency of answers from respondents, while verification analysis is used to find multiple regression equation, the magnitude of relationship and influence between variables. The results of research influence the determinant factors such as transformational leadership, employee competence and commitment to loyalty both partially and simultaneously.

Keywords:

Turnover, transformational leadership, loyalty.

Abstract:
Workplace diversity (WPD) is a holistic concept that denotes the differences that exist between people working within an organisation. It describes the complex physical, sociological or psychological attributes such as gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious or political beliefs that define an individual or group. Therefore, WPD transcends the recruitment, representation or preferential treatment of people within an organisation. The complexity of WPD has become one of the most challenging issues currently of critical importance in business and organisational management. Therefore, the paper presents the critical issues currently impacting on WPD in modern day organisations. It identified and highlighted the various prospects and challenges of WPD. The results revealed that diversity in the workplace enhances the critical thinking, problem-solving, and employee professional skills. Furthermore, it enables organisations to attract talent, improve corporate attractiveness, productivity. However, it is currently hampered by the hostility, disrespect and discrimination people with diverse background encounter in the workplace. Such behavioural attitudes as ascribed to prejudices and biases towards people with varied lifestyle choices, ethnic and cultural differences, disabilities, and generational gaps. These factors can stifle morale, teamwork, profitability and the attractiveness of the organisation. Consequently, modern day organisations need to address the causes of these issues to exploit the benefits of WPD. These can be addressed strategies that foster an empowerment culture, build communication and team spirit with organisations. These efforts will promote acceptance, productivity, and profits in future organisations.

Keywords:

Workplace, Diversity, Organizations, Demography, Personal Differences

Abstract:
In this article, we give some remarks on how the recent evolution of work tasks and job responsibilities come in relation with challenging and high competitive work environment. Analyse is based on self-assessment of how job responsibilities and problem solving is perceived in the opinion of employed persons. Finally, many Romanian employed persons said that their responsibilities are more challenging and complex, especially in last years, demanding their great effort to adapt and fulfil objectives. These conclusions are important because if we have a correct interpretation of work environment challenges, evolutions and responsibilities, we can imagine the best alternatives to cope with the change in the workplace and improve adaptive performance.

Keywords:

job responsibilities, work environment, adaptive performance

Abstract:
Tax is one of the main sources of government revenue in Indonesia. Unfortunately the enormous population has not been able to make tax revenues so great. The cost to issue a new policy package should be accompanied by increased taxpayer compliance, as indicated by tax revenue. But until now the increase in tax revenue is due to the higher the value of money. Based on the above, it needs to be studied and analyzed on how the critical analysis of income tax policy for individual taxpayers of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). A qualitative approach using phenomenological studies is designed to gain an explanation of the above phenomena in terms of the taxpayer's perspective. Survey technique is the main data collection technique used in this study. The final process of the research is expected to find the right formulation of the current policy and find the policy formulation that can be used as input for policy makers in the field of taxation.

Keywords:

Tax policy, income tax, SMEs, taxpayers’ perspective

Abstract:
The EU is the world's largest trade group, occupying an important position in the world trade in goods and services, especially in the field of service trade. The EU trade in services exports and imports are higher than the United States and Japan, and the EU is the world's largest capital output and input group, and the world's largest foreign aid providers. With the deepening of the European integration process, Europe's position in the world economy and trade is on the rise. Therefore, the EU's trade policy has increasingly become the focus of attention. From the vertical point of view, research directions can be divided into trade in goods policy, trade in services policy, international direct investment policy, trade-related intellectual property policy four field. In this paper, the four vertical areas are illustrated as the focus of the study.

Keywords:

EU; Policy system; Trade

Abstract:
For many years, gender equality has been on the agenda of various stakeholders from different sectors of activity and from different levels of action. However, information regarding the participation of women to research and development remains scarce and insufficient for assessing the progress towards equality related goals in this area. This paper aims to explore the participation of women to the research & development sector in two selected European countries – Romania and Iceland. Thus, the present study is focused on the presence of women in a highly specialized sector that contributes to the creation of a competitive, knowledge-based society. Data on research and development personnel are analyzed from a comparative perspective in order to assess how Romania and Iceland perform in the field of gender equality in research and development sector. The findings of this paper show that women are still underrepresented in specific sectors of performance, as well as in some fields of science. Due to data lacking, analysis on the presence of women in management position in research and development couldn’t be performed. So, better and more comparable statistics on gender equality issues in science is needed for ensuring a more accurate image of women participation.

Keywords:

gender, research and development, human capital

Abstract:
The paper presents the different definitions of innovation; the objective of the research being that of creating a theoretical model building on the previous work of several authors. The aim of the research is to define the different models, classifications and definitions of innovation. In this article we made use of a wide range of bibliographical sources on innovation, efficiency and also used comparative analysis of innovation definitions. Theoretical concepts were studied as well. The approach was constructed based on theoretical models of innovation definitions and used the technology and market perspectives. The main methods employed were comparative analysis of definitions of innovation and the creation of a model of innovation. It has been emphasized in the literature that the role of innovation is very important for making decisions regarding investment projects or investments for production. Innovation can bring benefits such as saving time, costs, and products and use them more effectively. Nowadays in the world, innovation is one of the most important factors of economic development, production, creation of a variety of products and in making management decisions. Innovation activity stimulates and has a positive effect also in investment activity. Innovation is the core action for the development and productivity of any economic activity. Investment activity and its results are directly dependent on the type of innovation that has been used. An important range of literature sources refer to innovation efficiency measurement criteria, which are in most cases related to product, technology (process) and market. The use of a number of different measurement indicators is leading to the need for further examination of the innovation-business performance relationship. Our findings have let us distinguish five major groups of criteria where various factors could be allocated. To the three groups (product, market and process) we allocate two additional groups: finance and management. Innovation plays an important role in the efficiency of investments in an organization, forms of business activity and state policy in the field of business and design.

Keywords:

innovation, economic efficiency, investments

Abstract:
In an era in which society is becoming more and more based on knowledge, and digital technologies have become indispensable for carrying out daily activities, social change becomes a problem whose solution cannot wait postponement. This paper intends to present a framework on the importance of developing social innovation labs as instruments for achieving social change, social innovation bringing countless benefits in the individuals’ life. The methodology used for conducting this research is bibliographical – therefore we chose to study the research of specialists in the field, both from Romania and abroad, and empirical – achieved by constructing a case study on best practices examples of these living labs. Through social innovation labs, individuals form connections with each other, they mobilize in order to achieve a common goal – to create a better future. Research shows that social innovation labs behave like normal labs, thus they invent and experiment on finding solutions for the challenges of today’s world. Often, they generate promising solutions. However, in order for those solutions to be successful, the fact that the human resource is the crucial element should not be forgotten. Hence, individuals’ ability and willingness to cooperate should be considered, not only by electronic means, but also through traditional methods of participation in the process of social change through innovation.

Keywords:

social innovation, social change, living labs

Abstract:
At the beginning of this century and millennium, travel and tourism industry worldwide represented the most dynamic sector, but at the same time, the most significant generator of jobs. In view of this century, it has been embraced the idea that the world economy will be coordinated by three service industries: information technology; telecommunications and tourism industry. This paper approaches the topic of tourism, in particular the Romanian tourism in parallel with Turkish tourism, in which were analyzed the determinants behind Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index from the perspective of two states directly competing, Romania and Turkey and in the end were presented and commented the main indicators of tourism in comparison for the two countries analyzed. In the ranking carried out based on the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index, Romania occupied 66th place in 2015 from 141 countries, while Turkey ranked 44, being with 22 seats in front of Romania..

Keywords:

tourism and travel, competitiveness, sustainable development

Abstract:
In this article we present some intermediary results from the study "New geography of employment in Romania. Spatial perspectives of the labor market". Our interest was focused on the delimitation of theoretical aspects and new normative theory regarding economic growth, used by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, for the application of a new model of economic growth. The problems identified in 2000 for which were formulated policies sets dedicated remained and are still persistent, which determined initiating a process of change in these sets of policies. Demographic problems, high unemployment and persistent lack of labor force participation, low productivity, high deficits and public debt and prolonged effects of the financial crisis still affecting the economy and society largely. Additionally, the recent crisis has caused a significant distortion of reforms, removing them from goals. Our article highlights briefly on theoretical elements: concept and types of models of economic growth factors and ways to use the factors of production. The results of OECD Report is a normative reference for the analysis of the above mentioned study. Employment and economic growth are the subject of implementation of reforms in different areas, each country choosing its own model, but the analysis of these results represent a valuable input for Romania.

Keywords:

employment, economic growth, models

Abstract:
The development of market economy, the direction of all its components in a convergent sense, ensuring the attainment of objectives established within the general economic development strategy, requires the organisation of a specialized system in the acquirement, storage and use of information within the field of social-economic activity. Through the economic informational system, there are practically achieved the knowledge of all processes occurring within the economic area, of results of activities carried out by each cell of the economic body, the deviations that might occur are measured and their causes are determined.

Keywords:

system, information, economy, resources, social, decision

Abstract:
In this paper, we present the "Risk Detector", one of the principal tools for screening and intervention to prevent school and training dropout. It aims to identify young people at risk of abandoning school by collecting and interpreting information on the incidence of situations and problems these phenomena of dropout, with threatening impact on the development and professional life. The methodology for developing the tool "Risk Detector" was developed through a research partnership during the Leonardo da Vinci Transfer of Innovation project namely "Support against Vocational Training and Education Dropout" - SAVED.

Keywords:

school dropout, vocational training dropout, risk of dropping out

Abstract:
Aim of the paper is to point at need of education of university students in area of law on the basis of focus study areas and study subjects. Alongside professional profile of university graduate it is also important to specify his preparation focused on additional, mainly general, education. Mainly the area of law, public as well as private, appears to be the most important profiling. For profiling of graduates of management-oriented studies mainly theory of law and basics of private law seem to be appropriate alternative of additional subjects to subjects of bachelor’s and master’s studies. Commercial law and labour law are also appropriate subjects for completion of profiling of graduates.

Keywords:

management, law, student, teacher, profiling

Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the causal relationship between governance and economic growth in China and Taiwan, which have different levels of democracy; classified as “Not Free” country, and “Free” country, respectively. The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) is analyzed in this study over the 1996 to 2012 period for China and Taiwan. The empirical results show that the causality between various dimension of governance and economic growth for China and Taiwan is not the same. There is a bidirectional causal relationship between economic growth and governance indicator (such as regulatory quality, or political stability) for Taiwan. Similarly, there is a two-way nexus between economic growth and regulatory quality (or government effectiveness) for China. Meanwhile, a unidirectional causal relationship exists running from voice and accountability (or rule of law; or control of corruption) to economic growth in Taiwan but conversely from rule of law to economic growth in China. However, for China, there is no Granger causality between control of corruption and economic growth, while for Taiwan, there is no Granger causality between government effectiveness and economic growth. The findings of this study indicate that policy makers in China could use governance indicators such as government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and rule of law while Taiwan’s policy makers could use the six governance indicators with the exception of government effectiveness, to improve their predictions of the future real GDP per capita.

Keywords:

economic growth, frequency domain, governance, Granger causality

Abstract:
Youth proved to be one of the most vulnerable groups in the face of economic recession, with constant high or even increasing rates of unemployment or NEET all over EU countries, including Romania. Traineeships, also known as internships or stages, are becoming more and more important due to their role in facilitating transition of youth from school to employment, first contact with the world of work and acquisition of practical skills. Current paper aims to analyses the traineeships experiences in the EU, with focus on the learning environment provided as well as on their effectiveness in facilitating access to permanent jobs.

Keywords:

employability, practical skills, transition from school to work, education-job match

Abstract:
Nowadays, ecology is one of the most disscused concepts. This can be seen from the fact that increasingly more companies resort to ”green” actions and strategies. In most cases, without the implementation of green management would be very difficult for a company to flourish. Its absence could be considered a competitive disadvantage, even a threat in terms of how the company is perceived by consumers. Implementing a ”green” management in old organisations and new ones should be given greater importance because it can contribute to the success of a business, which can be ”recipe of success”. This is the reason why I chose this title, ” Green Business - the future of progress in business "because adopting a "green" management will help create prestige, attracting the admiration of others, bringing profit to the firm and entrepreneur, and environmental benefits for survivors, which should give them the opportunity to enjoy what we have today, the key elements that must be harmoniously combined. This research aims to emphasize the role of ecology , how it helps to sell a product and how much it matters in people's eyes, to determine the the future of green business in Romania, how ecological actions contribute to the development of a company and how much importance they have in the environment. The research is based on the analysis of online questionnaires completed by and for that was applied a questionnaire for entrepreneurs and potential future entrepreneurs.

Keywords:

Green business, sustainable development, ecology, environmental protection, entrepreneur

Abstract:
The emergence of global administrative law is a reality that cannot be denied, under these conditions supranational organizations becoming more and more specialized, attempting, through transparent and efficient administrative practices, both to protect the citizens and to meet their social needs. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to establish a new branch of law, global administrative law, which regulates global governance, setting relations between supranational institutions, their activities and the principles underlying their activities. Therefore, global administrative law should be treated with more importance in the political and legal sciences.

Keywords:

global administrative law, efficiency, supranational institutions

Abstract:
Often, we ask ourselves how much tourist activity is linked and affects the environment. The purpose of this study is to examine theoretically the activities taking place in hotels, also the principles and activities aimed at decreasing the negative impact upon the environment. We examine sustainable development that relates to the particular sector of touristic activity, more specific - in the domain of the accommodation in hotels, case in which, the sustainability aimed at maintenance of a high quality standard that caters to tourists, in spite of repeated rationalization, and on various levels and plans (energy, water consumption, disposal of waste etc.), so that it is promoted and adopted, so called "environmental behaviours", framework in which the hotel activity still has the benefits of managerial, economic and competitive, that ultimately lead to customer satisfaction (quality) and profit for the operators on the other hand. In short, we examine a viewpoint that plots the sustainable framework for hoteliers.

Keywords:

responsible tourism, quality, sustainable development, environment, eco-label

Abstract:
In order to diminish the economic disparities in the rural development of Constanta County we should have in view an intensification of the advantages at our disposal and the elimination, as far as possible, of the obstacles against development. The study does not intend to solve the real problems faced by the economy of these localities or to offer solutions in this respect, but it shows a picture of the stage the administrative units are at, in order to properly orient the future activity.

Keywords:

rural development, socio-economical disparities, Constanta County

Abstract:
If the asset is very costly, it may be convenient to arrange a leveraged lease, in which the cost of the leased asset is financed by issuing debt and equity claims against the asset and the future lease payments. If one knows the financing mix that will be used by the lessor, the rate of return on the lease payments, and the (lower) rate of return received by debt holders in the contract, then it is possible to estimate the required rate of return on equity invested in leveraged leases.

Keywords:

leasing, leverage, capital structure

Abstract:
In most countries public debt management is one of the fastest growing financial activities demanding great attention from the State. Therefore, there is a need for broadening public governance, as well as widening procedural solutions. The authors have analysed the operating principles of auditing and control in public debt management institutions of several OECD countries. Research was conducted based on questionnaires and reports obtained from selected public debt management institutions and auditing organisations. Finally, based on research on the institutional aspects of public debt management, the authors propose audit organizational models that in their view should lead to an increased effectiveness in the functioning of the public debt management agency.

Keywords:

public debt management, agency, public governance, audit, OECD

Abstract:
The paper presents the evolution of financial decentralization in Romania, from its beginning, in 1994, with the first law on local taxes and duties, and until the present-day reform which outlines the premises of true decentralization in our country. The work analyzes the deficiencies of the first steps of financial decentralization, emphasizing the need to decentralize and/or transfer resources to the local level, in order to empower the administrative decentralization. In this section, the analysis focuses on the evolution of the broken-down split shares of the income tax. Finally, we analyze and comment the latest legislation on the matter, which seems to achieve the fine balance between the local budgets, as well as a necessary degree of transparency and objectivity.

Keywords:

financial decentralization, local fiscal incomes, local government revenues

Abstract:
The evolution of alimentation is essentially linked to the progress of knowledge in various fields and is permanently under the necessity to ensure a continuous balance in the ratio nutrients-effort or traditional aliment - new one. The majority of developed countries currently study, through specialized bodies, the influence of incorrect alimentation on the population's health, trying to find solutions and propose corrections. In Romania, the lack of real preoccupation for the matter is noticeable, and the necessity of a reform in the alimentation manner and in informing the population concerning health assurance and the prevention of alimentary diseases is powerfully felt. In this context, a change of mentality and attitude is needed, which means the initiation of a campaign for informing and educating the population, in the spirit of correct and equilibrated alimentation. The functional food market from our country is a developing market, regarding existing and potential demand.

Keywords:

functional foods, consumer, health, safety